{"id":2483,"date":"2010-06-24T19:01:20","date_gmt":"2010-06-24T19:01:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pheasant1.wpenginepowered.com\/?p=2483"},"modified":"2024-07-03T20:55:17","modified_gmt":"2024-07-03T20:55:17","slug":"interpreting-water-results","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pheasant.com\/about-us\/blog\/interpreting-water-results","title":{"rendered":"Interpreting Water Results"},"content":{"rendered":"
By Dr. Susan Watkins<\/h6>\n

Interpreting Your Microbial Analysis<\/strong><\/h3>\n

This information sheet is to help you to interpret the results of your recent microbial analysis of poultry drinking water and\/or well water.\u00a0 It consists of excerpts from the paper \u201cWater Quality and Sanitation\u201d by Dr. Susan Watkins from the University of Arkansas.\u00a0 If you would like the paper in its entirety, please contact us at (479) 575-8428.<\/p>\n

Bacteria TEst<\/strong><\/p>\n

The established guidelines for water quality for poultry are outlined in Table 1. Note that CFU\/ml means colony-forming units of bacteria\/milliliter of water, and mg\/l is also the same as parts per million or ppm. The microbial or bacterial test results you receive from this lab are TPC or Total Plate Count of aerobic (oxygen loving) bacteria as measured by CFU\/ml.\u00a0 These results do not indicate whether the bacteria present is harmful or harmless but what it can tell you is if the system is dirty and therefore at risk for the presence of harmful bacteria.\u00a0 If the total plate count or TPC level is 1000 CFU\/ml or less then the water supply is considered acceptable.\u00a0 However, it is very reasonable to have water tests show 0 CFU\/ml even from the end of the drinker line.\u00a0 The closer your water sample results are to 0 CFU\/ml the better your water supply is for the modern commercial chicken or turkey.\u00a0 Should the test results be greater than 10,000 CFU\/ml, it is strongly recommended that the water system be thoroughly cleaned between flocks with an approved cleaner and then a daily water sanitation program implemented.\u00a0 Chlorine is the cheapest water sanitizer available and works well but other products such as chlorine dioxide and hydrogen peroxide are also available and used successfully.\u00a0 Target levels of chlorine are 3-5 ppm.\u00a0 Target levels of chlorine dioxide are 0.8 ppm and target levels of hydrogen peroxide are 25-50 ppm in the drinking water.<\/p>\n

If your water test is performed by the Department of Health, the results will be total coliforms.\u00a0 Coliforms are a good indicator organism that lets us know if a water supply has been contaminated by livestock (runoff from concentrated animal production areas) or human waste (failed septic system).\u00a0 Should your water supply contain more than 50 CFU\/ml coliforms it is definitely a good idea to treat the water supply possibly with shock chorination.\u00a0 In addition, look for possible sources of contamination and correct the problem to prevent recontamination.\u00a0\u00a0 Never assume that water remains good through poultry house water systems.\u00a0 When in doubt, test the water at the source and at the end of the line.\u00a0 Results from previous water tests (Table 2) show just how dramatically water quality can change even over the course of a few hundred feet.<\/p>\n

Use the following guidelines to determine when water supplies should be tested:<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Noticeable change in color, odor or taste<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Flooding has occurred near well<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Person or animal becomes sick from waterborne disease<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Maintenance on water supply system<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Persistent poor performance<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Loss of pressure in water system<\/p>\n

MINERAL TESTS<\/strong><\/p>\n

There is no such thing as pure water in drinking water supplies.\u00a0 All drinking water has some amount of minerals dissolved in it.\u00a0 The majority of the time, these dissolved minerals are well within acceptable ranges but unfortunately\u00a0 there are many cases of contaminants that are not within desired levels which results in the following issues:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Poor performance<\/li>\n
  2. Equipment failure or damage<\/li>\n
  3. Presence of harmful bacteria or fungal slime (some minerals can act as a food supply for these).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    One way to understand how much is a ppm is consider one gallon of sugar dissolved into a million gallons of water. That would give 1 ppm of sugar. Although parts per million (ppm) of anything seems quite small, remember, the birds already receive a balanced diet and if they are also receiving high levels of such nutrients as salt in the water, in the form of sodium and chloride ions, then over time the birds may exhibit poor performance because they just have more than their systems can handle. In addition, water contaminants can also impact how nipple drinkers work. Even a fine buildup of mineral residue on seals or rims could be all that is necessary to limit water flow and thus result in less than adequate consumption for optimum bird growth and feed conversion.<\/p>\n

    Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

    In conclusion, water is the most essential nutrient birds receive, yet the quality of bird drinking water is often taken for granted. Providing flocks with a clean, wholesome supply can make a difference in performance. Should water be a suspect for flock problems, make arrangements to have water tested for total bacteria numbers as well as for mineral content. While total aerobic plate count won\u2019t tell exactly what is in the water, it is an indicator of excessive levels of bacteria that should be addressed. By promoting a regular water sanitation program on farm, producers can prevent environments in water systems that could lead to poor bird performance.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Contaminant, mineral or ion<\/td>\nLevels considered average<\/td>\nMaximum Acceptable Level<\/td>\nComments<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Bacteria<\/p>\n

    Total Bacteria (TPC) CFU\/ml<\/p>\n

    Total Coliforms<\/p>\n

    Fecal Coliforms<\/td>\n

    		 <\/p>\n

    0 CFU\/ml<\/p>\n

    0 CFU\/ml<\/p>\n

    0CFU\/ml<\/td>\n

    		 <\/p>\n

    1000 CFU\/ml<\/p>\n

    50 CFU\/ml<\/p>\n

    0 CFU\/ml<\/td>\n

    		 <\/p>\n

    Total Bacteria is used as an indicator of system cleanliness, high numbers do not necessarily mean the bacteria present is harmful but it does mean that the system is capable of harboring pathogenic organisms. High bacteria levels can impact taste of water resulting in reduced consumption by birds<\/p>\n

    Shock well then implement sanitation program such as gas chlorine, hydrogen peroxide or other sanitizers. Maintain a residual<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Presence of any fecal coliform means water is unfit for consumption by poultry or humans<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    pH<\/td>\n6.5-7.8<\/td>\n5-8<\/td>\npH below 5 can be harmful to drinker equipment-causing corrosion to metal components with long term exposure<\/p>\n

    pH above 8- impacts effectiveness of most water sanitizers and if high pH is also associated with high alkalinity, may result in reduced water consumption in poultry due to \u201cbitter\u201d taste. If pH is lower than 5 soda ash or caustic soda injection will raise pH. If pH is high acid injection will be required.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    Total Hardness<\/td>\n60-180 mg\/l<\/td>\n110 mg\/l<\/td>\nHardness can also be determined by adding the Calcium and Magnesium content, Hardness causes scale which can reduce pipe volume and cause drinkers to be hard to trigger or leak Softeners can remove compensated hardness up to a practical limit of 100 gpg or 1710 ppm \/mg\/l If the hardness is above 30 gpg or the sodium to hardness ratio is greater than 33% then the sodium level will be high after softening and reverse osmosis may be required .Phosphate injection will sequester the hardness.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Natural Elements<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Calcium (Ca)<\/td>\n60 mg\/l<\/td>\n<\/td>\nNo upper limit for calcium, birds very tolerant of calcium but if values above 110 mg\/l may require water softener, polyphosphates or acidifier to prevent scaling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Magnesium (Mg)<\/td>\n14 mg\/l<\/td>\n125 mg\/l<\/td>\nHigher levels of Mg may cause flushing due to laxative effect particularly if high sulfate present<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Iron (Fe)<\/td>\n.2 mg\/l<\/td>\n.3 mg\/l<\/td>\nBirds tolerant of iron metallic taste but high iron causes leaking drinkers and promotes the growth of E coli and pseudomonas , Treatment includes oxidation with chlorine, chlorine dioxide or ozone and then filtration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Manganese (Mn)<\/td>\n.01 mg\/l<\/td>\n.05 mg\/l<\/td>\nCan result in black grainy residue on filters and in drinkers, Treatment includes oxidation with chlorine, chlorine dioxide or ozone then filtration, green sand filtration and softeners will remove Mn make sure you pay close attention to pH when deciding what method to use.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Chloride (Cl)<\/td>\n50 mg\/l<\/td>\n150 mg\/l<\/td>\nWhen combined with high sodium levels, creates salty water that can act as a laxative causing flushing, also, salty water can promote the growth of enteroccoci organisms that can lead to enteric issues<\/p>\n

    Treatment- Reverse Osmosis, anion exchange resin, lower dietary salt level, blend with non-saline water, Keep water clean and use daily sanitizers such as hydrogen peroxide or iodine to prevent microbial growth<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    Sodium (Na)<\/td>\n50 mg\/l<\/td>\n150 mg\/l<\/td>\nWhen combined with high chloride levels, creates salty water that can act as a laxative causing flushing, also, salty water can promote the growth of enteroccoci organisms that can lead to enteric issues<\/p>\n

    Treatment- Reverse Osmosis, lower dietary salt level, blend with non-saline water, Keep water clean and use daily sanitizers such as hydrogen peroxide or iodine to prevent microbial growth<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    Sulfates (SO4)<\/td>\n15-40 mg\/l<\/td>\n200 mg\/l<\/td>\nSulfates can cause flushing in birds. If rotten egg odor present, then bacteria producing hydrogen sulfide are present and system will require shock chlorination plus establishment of good daily water sanitation program, sulfates can be removed by reverse osmosis or anion resin. If H2S is present (the rotten egg smell) than aerating water into a holding tank, treatment with sanitizers then filtration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Nitrates<\/td>\n1-5 mg\/l<\/td>\n25 mg\/l<\/td>\nHigh nitrate levels can result in poor growth and feed conversions. Plus presence of nitrates may indicate fecal contamination so also test for bacteria<\/p>\n

    Can be removed with Reverse Osmosis Or anion exchange resin.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    Lead<\/td>\n0 mg\/1<\/td>\n.014 mg\/l<\/td>\nLong term exposure can cause weak bones and fertility problems in breeders and turkeys. reverse osmosis ,softener or activated carbon will greatly reduce the lead<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Copper<\/td>\n.002 mg\/l<\/td>\n0.6 mg\/l<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Zinc<\/td>\n<\/td>\n1.5 mg\/l<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    By Dr. Susan Watkins Interpreting Your Microbial Analysis This information […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2560,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2483","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biosecurity","category-seminar"],"yoast_head":"\nInterpreting Water Results | Pheasant.com Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pheasant.com\/about-us\/blog\/interpreting-water-results\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Interpreting Water Results | Pheasant.com Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Dr. Susan 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